Uses of operational research in business - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1520 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Brief 69251 Title: Uses of OR (operational research) in business I. Introduction The main characteristic of business has always been the combination of a series of actions that can lead to the creation of a profit for its owner. On the other hand, the volume and the complexity of the above actions have been differentiated because of the changes in the social and the science sectors. However, there is an element of the commercial activity that still remains the same and which seems to define the productivity and the development of the business. This element is the necessity for the presence of a person (or persons) who will have the exclusive task of measuring the uncertainty (regarding the business activities), of allocating the resources, of planning projects and organizing, generally, the administrative force of an enterprise (public or private) in a way that the latter can confront most of the unexpected situations that are related with the business activity. II. Operational Resear ch – Definition and Theories The task of defining the Operational Research to its full meaning and purpose is not an easy one. There have been some definitions, each one from a different point of view but all of them are giving somehow a completed description for the role of the OR in the business environment. According to Duckworth, W. E., Gear, A. E., Lockett (1977, 1) ‘operational research is the study of administrative systems pursued in the same scientific manner in which systems in physics, chemistry and biology are studied in the natural sciences’. The above definition, although a distinctive one we can say, does not refer to the functions of the OR and its specific role in the business environment. Cohen S. S. (1985, 1) states that ‘operational research is the science of planning and executing an operation to make the most economical use of the resources available’. The definition of Cohen seems to be much more completed as it refers to th e role and the aim of OR regarding the business development. On the other hand, Littlechild L.C. (1977) does not refer to a specific definition for the OR but proceed to the presentation of the ten stages that, according to his opinion, have to be followed when applying the OR in business. The stages are Littlechild L.C. (1977, 15-16): ‘1. describe problem in its context, 2. collect preliminary information, 3. define problem explicitly, 4. set study objectives, 5. formulate the OR problems, 6. construct model, 7. collect detailed data, 8. test model, 9. select solution from alternatives, 10. implement and monitor solution’. The above ‘stages’ or steps refer to the methodology that has to be followed during the application of OR in a business environment. These ‘steps’ seem to be a very detailed presentation of the whole functions of OR in a business, however we can notice the lack of the aim and the reasoning of existence of OR. The OR, due to its extended flexibility, can be used in any business environment, bearing in mind that, in its case, we have to adapt the techniques used in OR to the needs of the specific enterprise. III. Techniques and Applications of OR The application of OR have met difficulties especially due to the constant changes of the science and the technology. A theory that has been expressed in order to help to the solution of problems related with the application of technology to the everyday life is the ‘Queueing theory’ (Littlechild L.C. (1977, 160). The above theory, which is based to the existence of queues, is mainly concerned with problems such as: congestion in telephone systems, airports and harbours, machines out of action waiting for repair and so on. Cohen S. S. (1985, 15) refers to ‘Linear Programming’ a technique used ‘to find a combination of different types of activities which fully exploits the available resources – when the restrictions on the resources have a simple algebraic form’. This technique is called ‘Linear Programming’ (Cohen S. S., 1985, 15). Another method, the decision tree one is applied by ‘laying out the available information in a clear and convenient way, known as a decision tree, so that the manager can relatively easy trace out the implications of a particular policy, which corresponds to a particular branch of the tree’ (Kidd J B in Littlechild S. C., 1977, 207). Operational research can also have many other applications in its pure form or in an non – so distinctive role, (see also Duckworth, W. E., Gear, A. E., Lockett 1977, 180-184), like the business forecasting, the corporate planning, the discounted cash flow (DCF) methods, the cost-benefit analysis, the output budgeting and so on. Of course, the techniques of OR used inside each business are in any case adapted to the specific requirements and as a result they can present different formulations and results even when referring to the same industry. Under these circumstances, the problems that may occur during their application are been confronted in a ‘local’ level (Samaddar, S., Rabinowitz, G., Zhang, G. P., 2005). IV. Problems arising when applying the OR in a business environment The application of the OR inside a business has to be adapted to the needs and the requirements of the specific enterprise. First of all the management team that carries out the operational research in order to take decisions for the firm’s strategy, has to take into account the ‘particular national elements’ that characterize the country that this business operates (Pagell, M., Katz, J. P., Sheu, C., 2005, 4, ReVelle, C. S., Eiselt, H. A., 2005). At a next level, there should be paid a lot of attention regarding to the data gathered (i.e. examination of equivalence and accuracy) especially those which were collected through international markets surveys (see also Van Herk, H., Poortinga, Y. H., Verhallen, 2005). When referring to the operational research of a business in general, the knowledge gained or gathered is in any case valuable. Under these circumstances we have to bear in mind when managing, exploiting or transferring it that every measure of safety has be taken in order to avoid its unwilling modification or even its damage (Hall, R., Andriani, P., 2003, Nicolau, J. L., 2005, Guzman, G. A. C., Wilson, J., 2005). We should notice that, the data involved in the OR, cannot give a totally clear and specific image for the firm’s financial future (sometimes there is even uncertainty for the current situation), and it’s the management’s role to handle this problem by relevant measures assuming there are always factors that remain unknown but can have unexpected consequences under circumstances of pressure or of radical changes (see also Herroelen, W., Leus, R., 2004, Ozdemir, M. S., Saaty, T. L., 2004, Cao, Q. , Patterson, W., Bai, X., 2005, Prajogo, D. I., Sohal, A. S., 2004). V. Conclusion The operational research has a decisive role in a business operation, both to its daily activities and to its future strategy. However, in order to achieve its full potential (regarding the business development) it has to be adapted every time in the requirements of the specific enterprise and not to be limited to specific rules and conditions. We should also mention the very important role of the management team towards this direction. The operational research, like every other business activity, needs to be designed, formulated and executed applying a specific methodology – the one that should be evaluated as the most suitable – and under a thorough examination and controlling of the data and the resources involved. In this way it will help directly to the business development and it will not remain just another effort to enforce the productivity and – as a result – the profit. References Brignall, M., ‘Rise: Set course: Operational research’, The Guardian, 21/2/2004, 7 Cao, Q., Patterson, W., Bai, X., (2005), ‘Reexamination of processing time uncertainty’, European Journal of Operational Research, 164, 185-194 Cohen, S. S., Operational Research, 1st edition, 1985 Duckworth, W. E., Gear, A. E., Lockett, A.G., A guide to Operational Research, 3rd edition, 1977 Guzman, G. A. C., Wilson, J., (2005) ‘The ‘soft’ dimension of organizational knowledge transfer’, Journal of Knowledge Management, vol. 9, no 2, 59-74 Hall, R., Andriani, P., (2003), ‘Managing knowledge associated with innovation, Journal of Business Research, vol. 56, 145-152 Herroelen, W., Leus, R., (2004), ‘Project scheduling under uncertainty: Survey and research potentials, European Journal of Operational Research, 165, 289-306 Littlechild, S. C., Operational Research for Managers, 1st edition, 1977 Nicolau, J. L., (2005), ‘Valuing the business environment on a daily basis’, European Journal of Operational Research, 164, 217-224 Ozdemir, M. S., Saaty, T. L., (2004), ‘The unknown in decision making – What to do about it’, European Journal of Operational Research (article in press) Pagell, M., Katz, J. P., Sheu, C., (2005), ‘The importance of national culture in operations management research’, International journal of Operations and Production Management, vol. 25, no 4, 2005, 371-394 Prajogo, D. I., Sohal, A. S., (2004), ‘The relationship between organizational strategy, total quality management (TQM), and organization performance – the mediating role of TQM, European Journal of Operational Research, 168, p. 35-50 ReVelle, C. S., Eiselt, H. A., (2005), ‘Location analysis: A synthesis and survey’, European Journal of Operational Research, 165, 1-19 Samaddar, S., Rabinowitz, G., Zhang, G. P., (2005), ‘An experimental analysis of solution performance in a resource sharing and scheduling problem’, European Journal of Operational Research, 165, 139-156 Van Herk, H., Poortinga, Y. H., Verhallen, (2005), ‘Equivalence of survey data: relevance for international marketing’, European Journal of Marketing, vol. 39, no 3/4, p. 351-364 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Uses of operational research in business" essay for you Create order

Enterprise Data Analysis And Visualization - 810 Words

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Isolation of Bacteria Free Essays

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Managing Organizations and Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Managing Organizations and Decision Making. Answer: Introduction: Organizations from global business environment are continuously experiencing a significant amount of burdens to adopting an old or new management tools or techniques supporting them to get the most out of limited resources. The scenario is widely caused by the anticipated challenges throughout the global economy due to the environmental and organizational catastrophes, prolonged implications of corporate scandals, and persistent apprehensions over war and terrorism (Farrell 2000). Due to such consequences, the managers and executives of various companies are predominantly thinking about the useful concepts by learning key organizations from the international environment for undergoing and adapting changes to meet diverse requirements of increasingly chaotic world. Based on the importance of organizational learning for evolving approaches and policies of an enterprise, Tesco PLC from the retailing environment UK is selected for creating this essay comprising of principle arguments ref erenced from the suggestions put forwarded by relevant scholars and professionals. According to Farrell (2000), organizational learning and development help to improve the interpersonal skills of the managers while influencing on the entire productivity. The certain shift in focus drives the organizations to deliver more to the community while vibrantly building and sustaining the benchmarks associated with performance (Moloi 2005). The retail industry of UK is continuously facing volatile requirements from numerous factors involving the market due to the rise of technology, involvement of key competitors in the market, and need of coming up with a diverse range of products (Gould 2000). Due to such requirements, the internal organizational structure of Tesco is currently undergoing gigantic changes resulting from the announcement made by the CEO having a special interest in adopting a transformational leadership since his recruitment to the position. Rowley (2000) has explained that the performance of an enterprise will improve to an extended level if it positivel y forms interaction with the external environment. Lee, Benett, and Oakes (2000) agree with the identified viewpoint, as those are the reason causing change to be synonymous with the development of business. From the analysis of the overall change management system defined by Tesco, it can be observed that the associated factors are superior to trigger functional changes to the whole structure and making it a learning organization for the other managers (Lee, Bennett, and Oakes 2000). With reference to Moloi (2005), the change management factors of Tesco successfully identify some of the useful areas like economic uncertainties, globalisation and fierce competition, political interests, rapid improvement in information and technology, and the degree of government interventions. On the other hand, training and development process introduced within the company is responsible for providing energetic input to encourage corporate growth and success by uplifting the performance and commitments of workforce (Tagg 2003). Gould (2000) has specified training as the acquisition of knowledge and skills for elevating the prudence and capabilities of an individual for supporting the accomplishment of an allotted task. Therefore, training and development activities performed within the firm create or enhance ownership among the employees to help them acquire new skills and abilities boosting the formation of a well-organised, productive, and flexible workforce (Rowley 2000). From the analysis of Farrell (2000), the corporate image of Tesco is largely inspired by the confidence of its customers in the knowledge and competence of staffs and workers of the company. As a result, the business growth and achievement of Tesco continues to spark impressively in the retail environ ment of UK. Further analysis suggests that a flexible and structured approach is followed in the training and development area of Tesco supporting it to adapt the individual needs of employees (Moloi 2005). From the analysis carried out by Tagg (2003), the application of both on and off-job training, specialised, developmental, and options programme is responsible for developing a highly skilled workforce covering the vital fields, such as communications, team building, and planning and organising. Human resource management is another useful domain of the organization introducing a highly committed model for hiring the skilled and capable personnel while sustaining a culture with according to the needs of external environment (Gould 2000). From the example of Tesco, the company has implemented strategic human resource practices while not replacing the old personnel department from its internal setting. The business profit of Tesco soared 20% last year promoting the company to set a new milestone for various corporations in UK (Farrell 2000). The plundering success of the supermarket chain is considerably caused by its enormous employee base, which makes the firm becoming the largest private employer in the country. According to Lee, Bennett, and Oakes (2000), the human resource strategy of Tesco denotes simplification of work, rolling out core skills, and challenging the unwritten rules whilst the performance management is tied to achieving steering wheel targets. The particula r fact signifies that the different measures adopted by the human resource department are meticulously connected with the performance management of the business. From the overall investigation, it can be determined that leadership development, training and development, and human resource management are the three core departments of Tesco amongst the others to provide vital growth and cardinal direction to the business. The combination of productive measures embraced by these separate areas is domineeringly accountable to drive the company attaining key business aims from its identified market. Hence, it is justifiable that each area of the firm proves valuable learning opportunities to the other executives and managers to shape up their practical and managerial knowledge and understanding. Complicated patterns of globalisation, political environment, labour market trends, and internationalisations have created a mutual norm for the majority of organizations to develop an inter-cultural work (Ang and Inkpen 2008). The leading organizations of modern era require its managers and business to operate in multicultural, multilingual, and multi-faceted environments. Ang et al. (2007) have suggested that dealing with the inter-cultural differences has long been a challenging task for the managers and executives of a multinational corporation. Such scenario has provoked Early and Peterson (2004) to propose a model of cultural adaptation called as The Cultural Intelligence (CQ) by providing an increasing prominence to develop working relationship with multi-cultural business environment. This essay is formed with the intention of analysing the importance of cultural intelligence in the course of achieving organizational success in the contemporary world of business. From the context of organization and management, the dynamic spread of global economic communication and increasing exchanges in the marketplaces require the application of sophisticated competencies to deal with the individuals with their different values, assumptions, traditions, and opinions (Triandis 2006). Ng, Van Dyne, and Ang (2009) have defined competencies as the certain area of personal capability facilitating the employees and managers of an organization to perform their jobs and bring out positive outcomes. Numerous studies were formed by the authors over the years to describe competencies. A considerable number of authors have portrayed competencies as the collection of knowledge, self-concepts, attributes, values, and behavioural skills, where others categorised the concept as individual characteristics, which can be measured to distinguish the disparities between average and superior performers expressively (Ang et al. 2007). Over the years, companies face perennial is sues concerning competencies of a successful manager while the need for general competencies should be essentially included in the roles and behaviours of an entire workforce. This particular fact principally signifies the enclosure of unique cross-cultural competencies among the managers to shape up their skills and abilities for responding effectively to requirements of people from various culture, religion, or ethnic background (Ng, Van Dyne, and Ang 2009). Early and Peterson (2004) have notably indicated the necessity of cross-cultural integration and transformation knowledge to promote the achievement business success by the organizations, as the entire process would help to cultivate appropriate standards, policies, and attitudes fitting a specific cultural setting. The application of the propped factors certainly helps the business to enhance the quality of service to produce and deliver better outcomes for diverse cultural environment. Globalisation has caused the expansion of business leading the world to be considered as an integrated entity. Hence, the firms are naturally exposed to an increasing number of threats from the external cultural factors. As a result, leaders of the contemporary business should not only be equipped with a high level of IQ and EQ (referred to as emotional intelligence), but they should also possess robust cultural intelligence (CQ). It will facilitate them to elevate their skills and continue to achieve success in the global business community (Earley and Peterson 2004). Trandis (2006) has stated that the organizational leaders are responsible for defining the corporate vision and communicating the same to their subordinates and influencing them to achieve the goals. However, the certain process transforms into a daunting task for the leaders and managers beyond their native culture. Therefore, the leaders must need to adopt cultural intelligence, as it is the only unlocking the door o f knowledge and helping them to develop a new set of skills for attaining success (Ismail Al-Alawi et al. 2007). The particular statement symbolises the gathering of necessary understanding about the cultural attributes and expectations of followers or subordinates by the leaders or managers. Based on such understanding, the leaders or pioneers can build suitable relationships with the followers and develop fitting solutions for dealing with the anticipated problems to promote overall efficacy of the business operation. It can be proposed depending on the provided understanding that cultural intelligence form and enhance awareness among the managers and leaders throughout an entity to present successful outcomes to the business. Without the implications of cultural intelligence, leaders might face grave difficulties in adopting a healthy behaviour according to the characteristics of different circumstances without the need of compromising their inherent styles and qualities of leadership (Triandis 2006). With the help of a resilient awareness, leaders or managers can understand the comparison of idiosyncratic nature with collectivist culture of their followers. More clearly, they can able to determine whether they can work better in autocratic or bureaucratic environment. Lastly, culturally intelligent leaders can be able to understand the essence of communication manner associated with the achievement of success (Ismail Al-Alawi et al. 2007). Ang and Inkpen (2008) have imperatively outlined that managers or leaders find it precisely easy to tweak their current communication style once they develop awareness about the cultural attributes of their assistants or cohorts as part of the workforce. To summarise the overall understanding, it can be quantified that the organizational leaders and managers should need to work on improving their cross-cultural competencies, awareness, adaptation, and communication skills for becoming culturally intelligent. Regardless of their relationship-oriented or task-oriented leadership styles, organizational leaders should continuously devote on increasing cultural intelligence by emphasising on the mentioned factors, as identified throughout the essay. List of References Farrell, M.A., 2000. Developing a marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented learning organisation. Australian journal of management,25(2), pp.201-222. Gould, N., 2000. Becoming a learning organisation: a social work example.Social Work Education,19(6), pp.585-596. Lee, G., Bennett, D. and Oakes, I., 2000. Technological and organisational change in small-to medium-sized manufacturing companies: a learning organisation perspective.International Journal of Operations Production Management,20(5), pp.549-572. Moloi, K.C., 2005.The school as a learning organisation: Reconceptualising school practices in South Africa. Van Schaik. Rowley, J., 2000. From learning organisation to knowledge entrepreneur.Journal of knowledge management,4(1), pp.7-15. Tagg, J., 2003.The learning paradigm college. Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company. Ang, S. and Inkpen, A.C., 2008. Cultural intelligence and offshore outsourcing success: A framework of firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ level intercultural capability.Decision Sciences,39(3), pp.337-358. Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K.Y., Templer, K.J., Tay, C. and Chandrasekar, N.A., 2007. Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation and task performance.Management and organization review,3(3), pp.335-371. Earley, P.C. and Peterson, R.S., 2004. The elusive cultural chameleon: Cultural intelligence as a new approach to intercultural training for the global manager.Academy of Management Learning Education,3(1), pp.100-115. Ismail Al-Alawi, A., Yousif Al-Marzooqi, N. and Fraidoon Mohammed, Y., 2007. Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: critical success factors.Journal of knowledge management,11(2), pp.22-42. Ng, K.Y., Van Dyne, L. and Ang, S., 2009. From experience to experiential learning: Cultural intelligence as a learning capability for global leader development.Academy of Management Learning Education,8(4), pp.511-526. Triandis, H.C., 2006. Cultural intelligence in organizations.Group Organization Management,31(1), pp.20-26.

Investigation Brief Essay Example

Investigation Brief Essay Last night Mrs Leaf made two loaves of bread, she left them rising for half an hour and found that one rose a lot more than the other.She used the following: -0.5g yeast10cm3 water0.5g sucrose10g flourInvestigate the fact that the leaves rose to different heights.PLANAIMIn this investigation, I will be trying to find out what makes dough rise at different temperatures compared to my preliminary experiment in which I used only one temperature of 40 degrees. I will also try to make my measurements more accurate by taking more care thus leaving me with more accurate and reliable results.APPARATUSThe apparatus that I will be using for the experiment will be the following:10 test tubes3 beakers1 stirring glass rod1 measuring cylinder3 thermometersStop clockSyringeYeast solutionFlour.The apparatus is similar as used in the preliminary experiment except I will be using more test tubes.I will be using two sets of test tubes at five different temperatures of room temperature, ice, 40 degrees, 60 degrees, and 80 degrees, with the same measurement of mixture.For example: I will use 10ml of yeast to 10grams of flour in each test tube. I will then leave each tube at different temperatures of heated water.I will be testing the best temperature for dough to rise three times at the selected temperature so that I know my results are accurate and to make sure it is a fair test.The experiment consists of using dough. In the experiment I will be making the dough only by using yeast + sugar solution (liquid form) and flour. I will now explain thescience behind this experiment of what makes dough rise:The yeast (a single celled fungus) becomes throthy once mixed with water and sugar. It is then mixed with flour and kneaded, thus enabling the flour to develop enough gluten to support the carbon dioxide made by the yeast. The dough is then left in a warm place for an hour. During this time the yeast cells multiply, this is fermentation. The carbon dioxide gas produced by the yeast for ms pockets that makes the dough rise by doubling its size. This process is called proving. The loaf is then heated in an oven. The heat breaks down the yeast and evaporates the alcohol that is present in the yeast. It then cooks the dough leaving a risen loaf.Changing the temperature (condition) might determine on how fast or slow the dough will rise and how much it will rise in mm compared to its original height before heating.If the temperature of the water is higher then the dough will rise more and faster, if the temperature were lower the results would be the opposite. The temperature effects how fast or slow the dough will rise. I will be trying to find out if this hypothesis is true or not in this experiment.METHODFor the experiment we were given yeast solution and flour. The yeast mixture was made up of 0.5g yeast, 10cm cubed water and 0.5g sucrose. I was to use 10g of flour to put in each of the 12 boiling tubes and 10ml of the yeast mixture to make the test fair.We weighed out the flour to exactly 10.0g on weighing scales and measured out exactly 10 ml of the yeast mixture. Our group mixed the two ingredients in each boiling tube with a glass rod putting the same measurements of yeast and flour in each tube. Then, with a yellow pen we marked on each boiling tube the starting height of the dough in mm before putting them in the water baths, we did this so that we could measure in mm at which height the dough rose. We also put labels showing the temperature of which water bath it was to be put in.We controlled the water baths by putting a fixed temperature on each water bath. As soon as we put two boiling tubes in each water bath we started the stop clock. We used a stop clock to make sure that we did a fair test. We left the dough to rise for 30 minutes in the water baths.As soon as 30 minutes passed we took the boiling tubes out and with the yellow pen marked where the dough had risen. I then, with a ruler measured how much the dough rose in mm and t hen put the results in my results table.Compared with my preliminary experiment, I measured the mixture and flour more accurately and carefully. I did this by putting a mm scale on each of the boiling tubes to give me more accurate results .I also took the boiling tubes out of the water baths after exactly 30 minutes, I checked the times on the stop clock. As I have taken more care in this experiment I expect to have more reliable results, which will tell me if the hypothesis is true, or not.Data AnalysisFor my data presentation I showed a variety of graphs and tables. These included the class results, class average results, my own group results, my groups average results and a line graph showing my groups average results and the class average results. I have also included my preliminary results.I decided to do average results for my group results and the class results in case the class results and mine were not exactly accurate. I showed these results in a line graph. It showed tha t the dough rose at its best at 40 degrees for the class average and my groups average, the result for class average at 40 degrees was 5.6cm and for my group average was 6.8 cm. It showed that after 40 degrees the dough did not rise a lot or not at all. The line on the graph started to decrease after 40 degrees. Before 40 degrees, the line graph shows that the dough is steadily rising but not so high. My group and class average line shows that there was not much difference in the results between the classes and mine. The curve of best fit indicates that the dough slowly rises and reaches its highest height at 40degrees and then slowly stops to rise so high.The results will not all be the same for the class and my group as all the other groups may have not measured the mixtures as accurate or took the boiling tubes out at exactly 30 minutes and nor did our group so it is not surprising when seeing the class results that all results showed different figures. This is shown in my class results table that I drew on A4 paper in the data presentation. It shows that the general pattern was the same of the line graphs that I drew out.I also did a table and graph showing the results for the experiment my group did. It shows the results for the two boiling tubes we put in each water bath in the table and line graph. They both show the dough mixture rose best at 40 degrees. I also drew a curve of best fit to clearly show that the height rises as it gets heated till it reaches its optimum height and show the line decreases as the dough denatures (as explained below).The graphs and tables that I have drawn out, all clearly show that the dough rose at its best at 40 degrees compared to other temperatures and their results. This shows that temperature affects the way dough rises, whither it rises at all or rises quickly at high height. But why does temperature affect in which the dough rises? It is because when we raise the temperature the particles get more energy and move a round more faster therefore leading to more collisions in a certain amount of time. The more collisions produce a reaction; in this case the reaction is making the dough rise. However the enzymes (a large protein molecule which acts as a biological catalyst) start to break down when the temperature gets too high as they stop working.This is because when the enzymes get too hot it changes shape. This then means that the substrate (glucose) no longer fits into the enzymes active site. It is said that enzyme has denatured. It is when the yeast no longer consumes the glucose to produce alcohol and carbon dioxide, a process called fermentation. You can see in the graph that the line rises up to 40 degrees as it is heating up until it reaches it optimum height and temperature when the enzymes work at its best. The line then starts to go down which shows that the enzymes have started to denature so the dough does not rise any higher in height than the optimum height.The diagram below shows the enzyme and substrate before it gets denatured, and another diagram showing the enzyme and substrate denatured:EvaluationI think that for this investigation, there was a good range of temperatures as we got good results that enabled me to work through this investigation and to find out at which temperature the dough rose best. I think that doing two repeats for each water bath helped in enabling me to do average results and to see whither my results were reliable by comparing the two results with each other.However there were a few problems in doing the experiment but did not reflect the results and analysing them dramatically. The first problem that I encountered was stirring the mixture. This was because after stirring the glass rod picked up some of the dough mixture so there was not exactly 10ml of yeast mixture and 10g of flour in each boiling tube. Secondly there was the problem in measuring the exact height of the dough when using the yellow pen, as it was hard to see thr ough the dough. Thirdly the timing was not always exact because at times we left for over 30 minutes but only slightly e.g. we left for an extra 20-30 seconds or a minute accidentally. This could have a slight effect on the results because within that 20-30 second period the dough could have rose a little bit more than it would have been at exactly 30 minutes.Those were the only problems that I encountered with in the experiment. My data does not show any errors. I know this as looking at the class average and my average on the line graph, it shows that the results are similar and there are no points that go out of proportion. However in the class results table there was one group the had negative results meaning that the height of the dough decreased after it was heated at the temperatures of 20 degrees and 80 degrees. The group had probably made mistakes in doing the experiment so thats why the results were negative compared to the other groups results.If I were to do this experim ent again I would improve on the mistakes that I have just mentioned and I would do 3trys instead of 2trys so that I am sure of my results and therefore would no that they are reliable. I would also try different temperature of maybe 30 degrees or/and 50 degrees as both degrees are in between the optimum temperature of 40 degrees so either might also be the optimum height and temperature for dough.

What were the causes and effects of World War I Essays - Free Essays

What were the causes and effects of World War I Essays - Free Essays What were the causes and effects of World War I title = What were the causes and effects of World War I World War I was a military conflict from 1914 to 1918. It began as a local European war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia on July 28, 1914. It was transformed into a general European struggle by declaration of war against Russia on August 1, 1914 and eventually became a global war involving 32 nations. Twenty - eight of these nations, known as the Allies and the Associated Powers, and including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States, opposed the coalition known as the Central Powers, consisting of Germany, Austria - Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria. The immediate cause of the war between Austria - Hungary and Serbia was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, at Sarajevo in Bosnia by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb nationalist. (Microsoft Encarta, 1996) On July 28 Austria declared war against Serbia, either because it felt Russia would not actually fight for Serbia, or because it was prepared to risk a general European conflict in order to put an end to the Greater Serbia movement. Russia responded by partially mobilizing against Austria. Germany warned Russia that continued mobilization would cause war with Germany, and it made Austria agree to discuss with Russia a possible change of the ultimatum to Serbia. Germany demanded, however, that Russia demobilize. Russia refused to do so, and on August 1, Germany declared war on Russia. (Microsoft Encarta, 1996) The French began to mobilize on the same day. On August 2, German troops invades Luxembourg and on August 3, Germany declared war on France. On August 2, the German government informed the government of Belgium of its intention to march on France through Belgium in order, as it claimed, to prevent an attack on Germany by French troops marching through Belgium. The Belgian government refused to allow the passage of German troops and called on the witnesses of the Treaty of 1839, which guaranteed the justice of Belgium in case of a conflict in which Great Britain, France, and Germany were involved, to observe their guarantee. Great Britain, one of the witnesses, on August 4, sent an ultimatum to Germany demanding that Belgian justice be respected. When Germany refused, Britain declared war on it the same day. Italy remained uninvolved until May 23, 1915, when, to satisfy its claims against Austria, it broke with the Triple Alliance and declared war on Austria - Hungary. In September 1914, Allied unity was made stronger by the Pact of London, signed by France, Great Britain, and Russia. As the war progressed, other countries, including Turkey, Japan, the U.S., and other nations of the western hemisphere, were drawn into the conflict. Japan, which had made an alliance with the Great Britain in 1902, declared war on Germany on August 23, 1914. The United States declared war on Germany on April 6, 1917. (Microsoft Encarta, 1996) The outbreak of war in 1914 set in motion forces more gigantic than any previous war had seen. Two million Germans were on the march, the greater part of them against France, and there were another 3,000,000 trained men to back them up. France had nearly 4,000,000 trained men at call, although they relied on only 1,000,000 active troops in the first clash. Russia had more millions to draw upon than any, but their mobilization process was slow, a large part of their forces were in Asia and even their great potential strength was to a large extent canceled out by lack of munitions. (Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart, 1984) The growth of these tremendous forces had been due primarily to a military gospel of mass. Known by Clausewitz, the Prussian military philosopher, who drew his inspiration from Napoleons example, the spread of this gospel had been stimulated by the victories of the Prussian conscript armies in 1866 against Austria and in 1870 against France. It had been assisted also by the development of railways, which enabled far larger numbers of men to be assembled, moved and supplied than had been possible previously. Therefore the armies of 1914 - 1918 came to be counted in their millions compared with the hundreds of thousands of half a century earlier. (Captain Sir Basil Liddell Hart, 1984) The essential causes of World War I were the attitude of intense nationalism that permeated Europe throughout the 19th and into the 20th century, the political and economic rivalry among the nations, and

Compile a report evaluating how a National Governing Bodys Sports Essay

Compile a report evaluating how a National Governing Bodys Sports Equity Policy conforms to the guidelines set out by Sport England - Essay Example In order to eliminate the inequalities that exist within the sport traditionally Sport England has brought out the Equity Guidelines for the governing bodies which contains, apart from a five stage inclusion plan, specific advices on race, disability and gender to the effect that sports activities should be extended to all the people without any discrimination. The guidelines also deal with the provision of opportunities for ethnic minority communities, disabled people and women in sports activities. This paper envisages bringing out a report as to whether the National Governing Bodies formulated by the Sport England are following the equity guidelines prescribed by the parent body in the promotion of sports activities, specifically the National Governing Body covering the sport of Football (Soccer). It is an established principle that all the governing bodies have ethical, moral and business responsibility to plan and provide equal opportunities to a wider range of participants. Keeping this idea in view Sport England has issued guidelines governing the sports equity to be followed by the governing bodies. ... gender, and aspirations of all the different priority groups." As distinct from the 'equal opportunities' 'Sports Equity' covers a wide range of activities and issues connected with sports like participation and membership, service delivery, selection of voluntary committees and appointment of voluntary coaches. Sports Equity principles provide a number of benefits to the society in general. The Sport England Equity guidelines detail some of these benefits which are: Fair and effective employment practices to all segments of the society Enhancement in the revenue by increase in the number of members Provision of services to the needy customers and members Availability of an enlarged forum of professional assistance from able administrators, leaders. Coaches and managers Improved public image as a professionally organized and forward thinking organization Increasing the representation of all communities in the various positions of committees, volunteers, staff, management and executives 3.0 National Governing Bodies: As per the definition provided by Deloitte & Touche - Investing in Change p9 a National Governing Body is the one which carries out most if not all of the following functions: Sets out and implements the strategic vision and direction for the sport; Promotes the sport; Manages the rules and regulation of the sport, including anti-doping procedures; Manages the sports officials; Establishes and maintains links with the sports' international representative; Encourages participation; Develops talent, including elite athletes; and Organises and hosts competitions. 4.0 Stages to the Planning Process for inclusion of Equity Guidelines: In order that the Sports Equity Policies are effectively implemented the Sport England organization has prescribed five

Religion as the Source of Inspiration Research Paper

Religion as the Source of Inspiration - Research Paper Example The organization of groups into identifiable sectors within society has been placed to compose a movement. These have been in the form of cult or religion and other organized groups where ideology is shared and desires fulfilled. Of the organized groups to follow a unified theme, religion has been the most outstanding. Durkheim, Cladis and Cosman (2001) define religion as a set of beliefs that bring individuals together towards acknowledgement of the existence of a supernatural being. These beliefs have aided the development of positive virtues within the society an offer support during the difficult challenges subjected upon societal members. Societies and groups have been identified based on their variable religious affiliations. Other societies have been developed based on the shared belief and practices. In religion, individuals complete variable practices for the satisfaction of the rules within the set trend. Religion has existed within the continents for decades linking the pr actices to the behavioral adaptation of the members. Various religions present different practices and identity. The common example is found in the difference accorded in Christianity and Islam religion that depict varied theories and practices. Religion serves as the basis of articulating unanswered questions to clarify the foundation of existence and the larger society. Despite the variations that have been depicted in variable religious beliefs, religion has served as the sole purpose of presenting unity and the source of unanswered questions to humanity. Religion has been the source of inspiration and answers in society for decades. The belief in the existence of a superior power has instilled discipline in societies satisfying breaking the tension in war and corruption. The idea presented that there is an uttermost power providing security rejuvenates the human desire to belong to a particular setting. However, the religious affiliations existing within the society have been pr esented to hold varied norms. Governments and the rules holding the existence of humanity within the set society have been formed based on the dominant religion. The most dominant religion has been Christianity in America and Europe, while Islam and Buddhism have composed the provision presented in Asia. Without the set of beliefs, the formed governments would be destabilized, and the need to find freedom would be affected. The involvement within the religious setting has brought peace and developed the needed faith to overcome the challenges within the society. The hope presented in eternity has been the most striking with humanity accorded the purpose to live their current lives. All of the religious groups offer the opportunity to develop the idea for continuity. There is the conviction in that which is not visible and the pillar of belief centered on a common figure. Although Islam and Christianity consider the existence of a solitary being, the other world religions have been b ased on the need to have a life after the one within the modern earth. Those that lack the faith to belong to a religion have been considered outcasts with little definition to the life lived in the current society. Religion has been the ability possessed by the social groups to possess the belief in the unseen. Various religions present different meanings to the defining attributes of the supernatural beings. The leading world religions have been based on historical evidence of the creators of the set virtues. The belief in each religion has been presented to be contained in the basis found in their formation. Christianity that is the dominant world religion has been based on the existence

Quality of Financial reporting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quality of Financial reporting - Assignment Example h of the company depends on various intangible attributes, it becomes quite challenging to examine its real or actual financial performances (Intel Corporation, 2010). Cost of goods sold: The inventory computation process of Intel is focused on the First-In-First-Out method. To comprehend the loss recognition of the written down values of inventories, the company tends to capitalize interests based on the borrowings treating the grants as additional expenditures for the stock (Intel Corporation, 2010). Operating expenses: The depreciation of the tangible assets is calculated in a straight-line method by Intel after capitalizing the interests on borrowings in the net worth of the asset. Impairment costs are charged on goodwill, non-marketable equity investments and other intangible assets which are also reviewed annually to monitor any changes. The acquisitions during research and development process are also identified as an intangible asset liable for amortization costs (Intel Corporation, 2010). Non-operating revenue and expenses: The net interest income generated by the company is computed after deducting the interest expenses incurred during the fiscal year along with other nets. Equity income is also calculated in relation to both its marketable and non-marketable equity investments. The financial statements of the company also depict the income tax changes along with the probable reasons for such alterations increasing its transparency. The financial statements are elaborate on the discontinued functions in relation to various investment activities initiated by the company (Intel Corporation, 2010). Other issues: The consolidated financial statements apparently depict the material alterations caused in relation to outstanding shares of Intel over a given period of time. The cash flow statement as well as the income statement also depicts the computation process of operating earnings before taxation and after taxation charges following the guidelines of

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release

Influence of Sesame Oil on Arbutin Release The Influence of Sesame Oil Addition on The Arbutin Release and Penetration in Carbomer Gel Base (Observation on Inhibition of Enzym Tyrosinase Activity) Tristiana Erawati, Widji Soeratri, Noorma Rosita, Wida Rukmanajati, Hanifa Rahma Abstract Hydrophilic arbutin as lightening agent with log P value -1.35, make it difficult to permeate through the skin and reach its site of action. Sesame oil addition (3, 5, and 7% w/w) was expected to increase the arbutin release and penetrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil addition on the arbutin release and penetrations in the Carbomer-940’s gel base. The release (flux) of arbutin, as initial process before penetration, formulation were studied using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. The penetration of arbutin was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. Inhibition percent of tyrosinase by arbutin was determined in vitro by observing the absorbance value of dopachrome (an intermediate product of melanin formation) as a reaction product between enzyme tyrosinase and L-tyrosine as a substrate using spectrophotometer. Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Keyword: Arbutin, Carbomer-940, Penetration, Release, Sesame oil, Tyrosinase-inhibition Introduction: Arbutin widely used in cosmetic as lightening agent to inhibited enzyme tyrosinase activity in basal membrane of the skin. Tyrosinase was known as enzyme that involved in melanin formation.1, 2 Because of the hydrophilic of arbutin with log P value 1.35 make it difficult to penetrate through the skin. To increase the penetration enhancer can be add in the formula. Sesame oil as an oily enhancer has total protein (25%) and globulin (67.3%) its can increased penetration trough polar pathway by enlarge aqueous channel. Sesame oil also can use as healing effect from sunburn.3 It was known Sesame oil effective concentration as enhancer up to 10%.4 The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sesame oil (3, 5, and 7% w/w) addition on the arbutin (3% w/w) penetrations in the Carbomer-940 gel base through the modified lipid membrane. It was observation on inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity. However sesame oil is a viscous fluid can increase the viscosity of base so that it feared inhibits the release of arbutin and decrease penetration. In this study determined arbutin release from the base using cellophane membrane and buffer phosphate pH 7.0 as media at 37Â ±0.5Â °C for six hours long. Materials and Methods Preparation of the arbutin gel as Lightening product The arbutin in Carbomer-940 gel base formulas as lightening product was shown in table 1. In this research Carbomer-940 gel base contained tri ethanol ammine (TEA) as alkalizing agent, propylene-glycol as humectants, methyl-parabene and propyl-paraben as preservative, Na-EDTA as chelating agent, butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as anti-oxidant and Tween-80 as surfactant. Arbutin 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base was used as control. Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 3% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F1, Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 5% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F2 and Arbutin 3% w/w with sesame oil 7% w/w in Carbomer-940 gel base named as F3. The Characteristics determination of the arbutin gel The Characteristics determination of arbutin gel included: Determination of gel pH Determination of the spreading-ability Determination of gel spreading-ability was performed using a pair of glass plate (20 X 20 cm). The gel preparation (1 gram) was put in the middle of the first glass plate that given the scale. Then put the second glass plate on the first glass plate and measured the diameter of gel spreading. After that put ballast on the second glass plate then measured the diameter spreading-ability of the gel. The weight of ballast that put on the second plate was increased until spreading-ability of the gel was constant. Determination of arbutin release: Determination of arbutin release from the bases was done by the dissolution tester Hanson Research SR-6 with paddle stirrer. Each cell diffusion fill with arbutin gel (Â ± 2 grams), in 500mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0, temperature 37Â ºC, agitation 100 rpm. Samples (5mL) were taken at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, and 360 minutes, replace with 5mL buffer phosphate pH 7.0 to keep volume constant. The absorbance of arbutin in the sample measured by spectrophotometer. The arbutin release (flux) from the base obtained from the slope of the linear regression of the correlation curve between arbutin releases accumulations versus square root of time. The penetration evaluation arbutin gel (United Stated Pharmacopoeia, 2002) In vitro study for the penetration of the arbutin in Carbomer gel base was measured by the modification method of the penetration test USP XXV and British Pharmacopoeia, 2002 with diffusion apparatus ERWEKA DT 700. The in vitro study was evaluated as follows: The arbutin gel (around 3 grams) was put in the diffusion cell then covers with the Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate as modified lipid membrane. Then the preparation of arbutin gel in diffusion cell was put into the penetration chamber contain 500 ml of phosphate buffer pH 6.5 Â ± 0.05 at 37 Â ± 0.5Â ºC as diffusion medium, and then the paddle was stirred 100 rpm. The sample solution around 5 ml was collected at 360 minutes after it penetrated. Determination of enzyme tyrosinase activity L-tyrosine solution 0.5 ml added with 3.0 ml sample solution that collected from compartment receptor after 360 minutes penetrated through Millipore membrane which was impregnated with isopropyl-myristate. The mixture was oxygenized 5 minutes then added with 1.0 ml tyrosinase solution. After incubated for 10 minutes at 25Â ºC the mixture was inactivated with 0.5 ml TCA solution and then the absorption value measured at maximum wavelength of dophacrome.5 The evaluation of inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity The inhibition of enzyme tyrosinase activity was performed as inhibition percent, which found from calculation of absorption value per second enzymatic reaction with inhibitor, compared with absorption value per second enzymatic reaction without inhibitor, using the following equation6: Whereas: A = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum with inhibitor B = absorption value (A/second) at dophacrome ÃŽ » maximum without inhibitor The data (inhibition %) were analyzed with ANOVA one way method (p. Results and Discussion The result of this study, in table 2 shows that the pH of all formulas around 6 it mean appropriate with skin pH. The spreading profile of arbutin gel preparation shows in Figure 1 and spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast shows in table 3. Spreading-capacity was formulas spreading-diameter at same ballast weight. The result of ANOVA one way test of spreading-capacity found the value of Fcalculation (13.741) > Ftable (4.07). Its can conclude there were significant deference minimal one pair of spreading-capacity formulas data. To know which spreading-capacity formulas was significant deference it’s tested by Honestly Significant Deference (HSD) tests. The result of HSD test in table 4, that can concluded the spreading-capacity of formula 1 did not deference with control but higher than formula 2 and 3. Spreading-ability was the slope of linier-regression between spreading-diameter (cm) and ballast weight (gram), its shows in table 5. The slope value from its formulas was tested by ANOVA one way method, it’s found that the value of Fcalculation (0.274) table (4.07). So that can conclude it’s was no significant deference between spreading-ability of all formulas. Table1. Formulas of lightening product Arbutin release (flux) was calculated from the linier regression of the correlation curve between square root of time versus arbutin release accumulation. Slope (flux) of linier regression showed in table 6. To make sure if there is any difference of arbutin flux between formulas was done by statistical testing using ANOVA one way. It is showed that Fcalculation (50,918) > Ftable (4.07). From HSD result know that flux formula 1 and 2 not statistically different, but if compare with control and formula 3 were decrease. This might be caused by interaction between arbutin, sesame oil, and Tween. Tween is anionic surfactant which is amphiphil, it have affinity towards polar or non polar substance, such as arbutin and sesame oil. This interaction makes arbutin more difficult to release from bases. Another factor that may influence was viscosity from formula 1 and 2 which is more viscous than control, it cause arbutin molecules difficult release from bases also. The increase of viscosity m ay inhibit the movement of molecules to release from bases.7 Flux value of formula 3 not statistically different with control but higher than formula 1 and 2. It might be caused by addition of sesame oil reduce amount of water from formula. Decrease amount of water caused increase of arbutin concentration on water phase. Substance release from bases is known as diffusion. Based on Fick’s law, diffusion is the process by which molecules moved from compartment with high concentration to low concentration. The arbutin effectiveness as lightening agent calculated as inhibition percent (%) of enzyme tyrosinase activity. The result of arbutin inhibition percent (%) with enhancer sesame oil in Carbomer gels shows in table 7. Table 2: The arbutin gel pH values Figure 1: The spreading profile of arbutin gel with various concentration of sesame oil. Each value represents the mean of 3 determinations. Tabel 3: Spreading-capasity of arbutin gels at 20 gram ballast * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Table 4: HSD test result of spreading- capacity value of arbutin gels Tabel 5: Arbutin gels spreading-ability * The result were obtained from an average of 3 times replication Tabel 6. Flux of arbutin release from gel bases Table 7: The arbutin effectivity (inhibition %) in carbomer gel formulas The result of ANOVA one way test of the arbutin effectiveness in carbomer gel formulas found the value of Fcalculation (23,582) > Ftable (4.07), and from the HSD test result was found inhibition percent of control Table 8: The HSD test result of arbutin effectivity (inhibisi %) in carbomer gel formulas Conclusion: Conclusion of this study was sesame oil addition 3 and 5% w/w decreased arbutin release, sesame oil addition 3, 5 and 7% w/w increased arbutin penetrations. Increasing of arbutin effectiveness more is caused by enhancer effect of sesame oil. Acknowledgement: This study was supported financially by Project Grant of Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University, Surabaya Indonesia. References: Takada, K. and Tanaka, Y., 2000. Depigmentation Agents. In: Elsner, P., Mailbach, H.I. (Eds.). Cosmeuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drugs Versus Cosmetics, New York: Marcell Dekker, Inc., p.512 Zulkarnain, I., 2003, Cosmetics Skin Lightening and The Problem in Periodic Dermatology and Venereology, Vol.15, No.1, April 2003, pp. 47-53. Alvarez, A., and Rodriguez, M., 2000. Lipid in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Preparation, Vol.51 Fasc 1-2. Sevilla: Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevila. Dinda, S.C., and Ratna, Vijay. 2008. Enhancement of Skin Permeation of Ibuprofen from Ointments and Gels by Sesame Oil, Sunflower Oil, and Oleic Acid. Available: http://www.ijpsonline.com Avanti, C., 2003. Uji Spektrofotometrik Kinetika Hambatan Kojic Acid terhadap Aktivitas MushroomTyrosinase. Berkala Ilmu Penyakit Kulit dan Kelamin. Vol. 15 No. 1 Agustus 3 hal. 23-27 Luanratana, O., Gritsadapong, P., 2005. Anti-Tyrosinase Activities of The extracts from Thai Mulberry Twigs and The Whitening Cream. Journal ot the National Research Council of Thailand. Vol.37, No.2. 2005. Martin, A., et al, 1993. Physical Pharmacy, Physical Chemical Principles in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3rd Ed, Lea Febiger

The Artistic Way of Living and Perceiving :: Art Philosophy

The Artistic Way of Living and Perceiving Being an artist is more than simply producing artworks. It is more than simply knowing art and how to make it. Being an artist is a complete way of life in itself, and at its utmost is a mode of perceiving the world to where everything is seen as a work of art. Being an artist is a mode of existence. For the artist’s life to be this complete way of being, it is necessary to take a certain direction and overcome certain obstacles. It is easy for the artist for fall into ruts along the path of art. This is one artist’s account of how three of the biggest challenges, or these ruts, present themselves, and how it is possible to overcome them. As such, this is an examination of how the challenges of being an artist lead to a fuller understanding of what it means to live as an artist, and how being an artist is a very specific kind of life. The work done by Gabriel Marcel and Henry Bugbee presents a particular perspective which enhances the life of an artist, and so t heir work will help us to understand this artistic mode of being which I am talking about. It is important to illustrate what the three most common ruts are that an artist can fall into. I use the term rut because what occurs to an artist is a falling into a hole of sorts from which it is difficult to emerge at times. These holes or pits seem more appropriately described by the term rut. So it is that an artist, when on the path of art, may find themselves stuck in any or all of the following situations. The first rut is one of expectations. It is the expectation of what art should be. If this expectation is not met, the artist will become frustrated and will not enjoy their work. The expectations of one’s work may become more severe to where the artist becomes more deeply entrenched in this rut to the point of it turning into perfectionism. The rut of perfection is worse, because it never allows the artist to be satisfied, whereas the previous rut of expectation only creates dissatisfaction some of the time. This difficulty seems to be encountered earlier than the others by an individual who is pursuing art.